From Einstein to the Magic Flute – Strategy Letter 45

Europe and France are lagging behind:

• Eight European companies among the 50 companies deemed as the most innovative in the world
• 2.1% of French GDP dedicated to R&D in 2006, far behind Japan (3.15%)

Since the end of the 19th century, innovation has evolved greatly:

• From 1876 to the 50s, innovation was structured around R&D: it is a solo innovation
• From the 60s to the 80s, R&D and marketing started to get closer: it is duo innovation
• During the 90s, innovation gathered lots of actors: it is an opera innovation
• Today, the business external ecosystem becomes involved in the management of R&D and innovation: it is innovative linkages